Cervical colposcopy

Women's health requires regular attention and care, especially when it comes to the prevention of serious diseases. Modern medical technologies make it possible to detect pathologies at the earliest stages, which significantly increases the chances of successful treatment. One of these methods is colposcopy, which helps doctors detect even the slightest changes in the mucous membrane of the cervix.

What is cervical colposcopy

Colposcopy is an examination of the cervix using a colposcope. This is a special optical device that allows you to obtain an image of the mucous membrane with multiple magnification. The doctor can carefully examine the structure of the epithelial layer of the cervix and identify atypical changes at the stage of their origin. The procedure is safe, painless and does not require special preparation, so it is performed during an outpatient gynecological examination.

The main purpose of colposcopy is to identify abnormal changes in the tissues of the cervix, which may indicate precancerous conditions or early stages of cancer. This procedure allows you to simultaneously take a biopsy from the altered areas of the cervix, which significantly speeds up the diagnosis.

The procedure is an important tool in gynecology, as it allows you to identify and begin treatment of various pathologies, which significantly increases the chances of a successful recovery. Colposcopy is prescribed after receiving abnormal Pap test results (cytological smear examination) or active HPV after 30 years to clarify the diagnosis and determine further treatment tactics.

In addition, the procedure is used to monitor the condition of the cervix in women with previously identified pathologies, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.

How the study is performed

Colposcopy is a relatively simple and quick procedure that is usually performed on an outpatient basis. Here are the main stages of the study:

1. Preparation. The patient is placed on the gynecological chair as in a standard examination. The doctor uses a special gynecological mirror to open the walls of the vagina and provide access to the cervix. This may cause some discomfort, but there are usually no painful sensations.
2. Inspection. The colposcope is placed at a certain distance from the vagina. It is equipped with lighting devices and an optical system that allows the doctor to examine the tissues in detail under magnification. The doctor examines the cervix, vagina, and vulva, paying attention to any abnormal areas.
3. The use of special solutions. To improve the visualization of abnormal cells, the doctor can apply special solutions to the cervix, such as acetic acid or iodine solution (Lugol's solution).
4. Biopsy (if necessary). If the doctor finds atypical areas, he can take a small tissue sample for further laboratory examination. A biopsy is usually performed using small forceps.

After the procedure is completed, the woman can immediately return to her usual activities. Let's assume slight discomfort or slight spotting within a few hours after the examination.

Decoding the results

During the research process, the image is displayed on the monitor under multiple magnification. A healthy cervix has a smooth, pink surface with no visible abnormalities. After applying acetic acid or Lugol's solution, normal cells are colored evenly.

Possible atypical results:

• White areas (acetobite epithelium) after application of acetic acid. This may indicate the presence of dysplasia— precancerous changes, or infection.

• Iodine-negative areas. After applying Lugol's solution, healthy cervical cells turn brown. Areas that remain light or colorless may indicate dysplasia, atrophy, or leukoplakia.

• Mosaic and punctuation. These terms describe specific patterns that are sometimes visible on the cervix. Abnormal mosaic patches of polygons or small dots may indicate the presence of dysplasia.

• Atypical vessels. Uneven, twisted, or abnormally positioned blood vessels may indicate more serious changes, such as precancerous conditions or cancer.

If mild changes are detected (LSIL/CIN 1), the doctor may suggest follow-up and re-examination after a while, as mild dysplasia often resolves on its own.

Moderate to severe dysplasia (HSIL/CIN 2 or CIN 3) may require additional treatment, such as laser therapy or surgical removal of abnormal tissues. If signs of malignant neoplasms are found, the doctor will refer the patient to an oncologist for further examination and treatment.

How to prepare for a study

It is recommended to perform the procedure in the first phase of the menstrual cycle, approximately 7-10 days after the start of menstruation. During this period, the cervical mucosa is most convenient for detailed examination. During menstruation, the study is usually not performed, as bleeding can make it difficult to see and reduce the accuracy of diagnosis.

Although the procedure does not require special preparation, there are still some recommendations:

1. For 48 hours, you should refrain from sexual intercourse. This will help to avoid irritation of the mucous membrane and possible distortion of the results of the study.
2. It is not recommended to use vaginal suppositories, creams, sprays or other intimate hygiene products for 48 hours. They can affect the condition of the mucous membrane.
3. On the day of the study, you should take a shower, but avoid douching. The usual hygiene of the external genitalia is sufficient.
4. It is important to tell your doctor about the medications you are taking, especially if they are hormonal drugs or antibiotics. It is also important to report allergies to medications or antiseptics. Contraindication to the procedure is an allergy to iodine.

The study is performed on an outpatient basis and usually takes from 10 to 20 minutes. When applying special solutions (acetic acid or Lugol's solution) to the cervix, a short-term tingling or burning sensation sometimes occurs.

Where can I get a cervical colposcopy

An extended colposcopy is performed at the EMC Medical Center. Our gynecologists perform the procedure carefully and painlessly, providing comfort and peace of mind to patients at every stage. We offer a full range of gynecological services, including primary and repeat appointments, diagnostics, as well as conservative and surgical treatment of various gynecological diseases.

If necessary, we will organize consultations of specialized specialists, such as gynecologist-endocrinologist and oncogynecologist, including from abroad using telemedicine services. Our goal is to provide high—quality medical care focused on the individual characteristics of each patient.