Ovarian cysts are a widespread disease in women of childbearing age. At the same time, 30% of cases of cyst formation are diagnosed in patients with a regular menstrual cycle and 50% with a disrupted one. During menopause, the disease can occur in 6% of women.
Types of ovarian cysts
By their nature, cysts are divided into functional and organic. The first ones are temporary and are formed due to a minor malfunction of the ovary. A functional cyst is usually treated with oral hormonal drugs and self-destructs after one to two months. But there are also cysts that do not disappear for more than two months and require surgical intervention. They are commonly called organic.
Follicular. The cavity of the follicular cyst has thin walls with a smooth surface, with a diameter of two to seven centimeters. Sometimes several follicular cysts can form along the incision, but they are always single-chambered, without partitions.
Corpus luteum cyst. A cyst of a functional nature. The cyst of the corpus luteum has thickened walls and can be from two to seven centimeters in diameter. The inner surface of the cyst is often yellow, the contents are light, and with hemorrhages they are bloody.
Hemorrhagic.It is a consequence of hemorrhage inside the formed follicular cyst or corpus luteum cyst.
Endometrioid. It is formed when the tissues of the mucous membrane of the inner layer of the uterine wall grow in the ovaries. An endometrioid cyst is often filled with dark contents, blood, and its diameter ranges from two to several tens of centimeters.
Dermoid. It consists of parts of the embryonic germ sheets enclosed in a mucus-like mass, derivatives of connective tissue (fat, cartilage, skin). A dermoid cyst usually does not reach large sizes and grows slowly.
Mucinous. Benign epithelial tumor. The cavity of this cyst has an uneven surface and is filled with mucin, a slimy liquid that is the secret of the epithelium. A mucinous cyst can reach quite large sizes and have several chambers.
Serous. Benign epithelial tumor. The capsule surface is lined with serous epithelium. It contains a light straw-colored transparent liquid inside.
Epithelial tumors. They develop from the epithelial components of the ovary. They can be benign, borderline, or malignant.
Germinogenic tumors. They account for less than 5% of all neoplasms in the ovaries. At the same time, they are characterized by the most violent current. They are often quite large (more than fifteen centimeters).
Reasons
There are quite a few reasons for the development of an ovarian cyst.
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hormonal and endocrine disorders;
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early menstruation;
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artificial termination of pregnancy, including abortions;
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thyroid disorders;
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inflammatory diseases and sexual infections;
Complications
An ovarian cyst may have the following complications:
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Some types of cysts can become malignant if they persist for a long time. It should be remembered that only a histological examination can be an accurate method of diagnosing the nature of a cyst.
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Twisting of the cyst stem, which may be accompanied by severe pain, cyst rupture, which may result in the development of peritonitisInfertility.Specialists of the European Medical Center warn that it is very important to visit a gynecologist regularly (once a year) for timely diagnosis of pelvic pathology. In the case of an already identified ovarian cyst, the frequency of visits to the gynecologist is determined by the doctor individually.DiagnosticsThe cyst is diagnosed by the following methods:
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Gynecological examination. It allows you to determine the soreness in the lower abdomen and an increase in appendages.
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Ultrasound. The most informative method, as it allows not only to determine the presence of a cyst, but also to monitor its development.
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Ovarian laparoscopy. Not only is there an almost 100% method of cyst diagnosis, but also a method of its treatment.
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Pregnancy test. It is necessary to rule out ectopic pregnancy.
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Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. These methods are used to determine the quality of the cyst, its location, size, structure, contours, and other parameters necessary for surgery.
TreatmentThe choice of cyst treatment depends on the nature of the cyst, its type, and the presence of complications. The most common functional cysts are usually treated with oral hormonal medications. Treatment of these cysts can take from two to three months, depending on the size of the formation. At the same time, the dynamics of treatment is monitored using ultrasound. If drug treatment is ineffective, surgical intervention is recommended.The surgical method is more often used as the main one for the treatment of complex organic cysts. Modern technologies assume laparoscopic intervention in such cases, which allows minimally damaging healthy tissues, minimizing complications from surgery and minimizing the duration of hospitalization to 1-2 days. In any case, during the operation, doctors will try to preserve the patient's ovary and reproductive capabilities as much as possible.
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Questions and answers
Рancreatic cancer
My wife of 64 years was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the autumn of 2014. Stage 4 was concluded. Surgery is impossible. There is a massive thrombosis. Three biopsies were carried out. A benign tumor was revealed. She lost a lot of weight. An episode of severe pain took place about one month ago. Currently, a
significant problem is the ascites, swollen legs; food is poorly digested, general discomfort. What can you recommend? Is it necessary to remove the fluid and what might be the consequences?
...more The picture you described is consisted with the concept of "metastatic ascites". Laparocentesis is appropriate as a therapeutic and diagnostic approach. Given the negative cytology, it is likely that the patient has a neoplastic disease of the colon, ovaries or stomach. Our experts will hold a consultation on the
same day and perform the procedure to verify the diagnosis and consider the possibilities of palliative treatment.
...more 
Pavel Koposov
07 September 2016
Break iafter the last course of chemotherapy
Why a break is necessary after the last course of chemotherapy?
In cases where chemotherapy is not enough effective, some cells of the tumor does not die as a result of exposure and only slow down their biological processes temporarily, so they do not accumulate diagnostic radiopharmaceutical that can lead to a false negative result. After 2-3 weeks, tumor cells return to their
normal state and can be seen at the PET/CT scan. Thus, the break after the last course of chemotherapy should be done in order to obtain reliable results of the quality of treatment.
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The procedure of external radiotherapy is similar to conventional x-ray examination. Radiation is invisible, has no smell and gives no sensations, side effects do not appear until 2nd or 3rd week of treatment.
Radiotherapy for prostate cancer is a local treatment; therefore, you may experience some side effects
only in those parts of the body that are exposed.
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Can we go to your center in the following case: the patient born in 1955. Diagnosis: chronic nonspecific spondylitis T7-T9. A state after interbody fusion T7-T9 with autologous bone. Brown-Sequard's syndrome. Right thoracotomy with interbody fusion using autotransplantation (resected rib) was done in 2010, no bone
block formed during the postoperative period. Transpedicular fixation T 5-6-10-11 was also done in November 2010. There was a primary healing on the wound as a result of treatment. He was able to sit and stand as well as stay in upright position up to 2-3 hours. At the moment, mobility is restored, able to walk and sit. But pain is still present. Can we expect further surgical treatment and rehabilitation at your center?
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In this case surgical care rendered fully, but it is hard to say more without images. If pain is still present, it is necessary to look for the cause of this, but it may be in the early postoperative period. You can contact us for a consultation to clarify the nature of the disease.
MRI or CT scan
Please tell me what kind of examination is better in case of head injury - an MRI or CT scan. I have hit my head in June this year, and now I feel a discomfort at the site of the injury sometimes (there in no acute pain)?
CT has advantages in the visualization of bone structures. MRI is better for soft structures imaging, including the brain substance. According to the description, the intracranial structures damage is unlikely. Why CT or MRI? An ultrasound of soft tissues in the area of injury is also applicable. The pain in the
scull can also be associated with vessel, for example, cranial arteritis, or lymphadenitis, or muscle/enthesis, and then you might need certain blood tests. And maybe these tests are not required. I would recommend you to see the doctor and let him assess the case; he will take a decision concerning following examination as a result of consultation.
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