Ovarian cysts are a widespread disease in women of childbearing age. At the same time, 30% of cases of cyst formation are diagnosed in patients with a regular menstrual cycle and 50% with a disrupted one. During menopause, the disease can occur in 6% of women.
Types of ovarian cysts
By their nature, cysts are divided into functional and organic. The first ones are temporary and are formed due to a minor malfunction of the ovary. A functional cyst is usually treated with oral hormonal drugs and self-destructs after one to two months. But there are also cysts that do not disappear for more than two months and require surgical intervention. They are commonly called organic.
Follicular. The cavity of the follicular cyst has thin walls with a smooth surface, with a diameter of two to seven centimeters. Sometimes several follicular cysts can form along the incision, but they are always single-chambered, without partitions.
Corpus luteum cyst. A cyst of a functional nature. The cyst of the corpus luteum has thickened walls and can be from two to seven centimeters in diameter. The inner surface of the cyst is often yellow, the contents are light, and with hemorrhages they are bloody.
Hemorrhagic.It is a consequence of hemorrhage inside the formed follicular cyst or corpus luteum cyst.
Endometrioid. It is formed when the tissues of the mucous membrane of the inner layer of the uterine wall grow in the ovaries. An endometrioid cyst is often filled with dark contents, blood, and its diameter ranges from two to several tens of centimeters.
Dermoid. It consists of parts of the embryonic germ sheets enclosed in a mucus-like mass, derivatives of connective tissue (fat, cartilage, skin). A dermoid cyst usually does not reach large sizes and grows slowly.
Mucinous. Benign epithelial tumor. The cavity of this cyst has an uneven surface and is filled with mucin, a slimy liquid that is the secret of the epithelium. A mucinous cyst can reach quite large sizes and have several chambers.
Serous. Benign epithelial tumor. The capsule surface is lined with serous epithelium. It contains a light straw-colored transparent liquid inside.
Epithelial tumors. They develop from the epithelial components of the ovary. They can be benign, borderline, or malignant.
Germinogenic tumors. They account for less than 5% of all neoplasms in the ovaries. At the same time, they are characterized by the most violent current. They are often quite large (more than fifteen centimeters).
Reasons
There are quite a few reasons for the development of an ovarian cyst.
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hormonal and endocrine disorders;
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early menstruation;
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artificial termination of pregnancy, including abortions;
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thyroid disorders;
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inflammatory diseases and sexual infections;
Complications
An ovarian cyst may have the following complications:
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Some types of cysts can become malignant if they persist for a long time. It should be remembered that only a histological examination can be an accurate method of diagnosing the nature of a cyst.
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Twisting of the cyst stem, which may be accompanied by severe pain, cyst rupture, which may result in the development of peritonitisInfertility.Specialists of the European Medical Center warn that it is very important to visit a gynecologist regularly (once a year) for timely diagnosis of pelvic pathology. In the case of an already identified ovarian cyst, the frequency of visits to the gynecologist is determined by the doctor individually.DiagnosticsThe cyst is diagnosed by the following methods:
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Gynecological examination. It allows you to determine the soreness in the lower abdomen and an increase in appendages.
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Ultrasound. The most informative method, as it allows not only to determine the presence of a cyst, but also to monitor its development.
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Ovarian laparoscopy. Not only is there an almost 100% method of cyst diagnosis, but also a method of its treatment.
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Pregnancy test. It is necessary to rule out ectopic pregnancy.
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Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. These methods are used to determine the quality of the cyst, its location, size, structure, contours, and other parameters necessary for surgery.
TreatmentThe choice of cyst treatment depends on the nature of the cyst, its type, and the presence of complications. The most common functional cysts are usually treated with oral hormonal medications. Treatment of these cysts can take from two to three months, depending on the size of the formation. At the same time, the dynamics of treatment is monitored using ultrasound. If drug treatment is ineffective, surgical intervention is recommended.The surgical method is more often used as the main one for the treatment of complex organic cysts. Modern technologies assume laparoscopic intervention in such cases, which allows minimally damaging healthy tissues, minimizing complications from surgery and minimizing the duration of hospitalization to 1-2 days. In any case, during the operation, doctors will try to preserve the patient's ovary and reproductive capabilities as much as possible.
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Questions and answers
Dermoid cyst and pregnancy
An ultrasound revealed a mass in my left ovary during the first pregnancy. I was told that it is a dermoid cyst. Five years have passed since then. I gave birth to a second child. An ultrasound was performed annually. There were differences in size, but not significant. Since I’m going to have the 3rd child, another
ultrasound was done today. The doctor said that the cyst had increased. I am concerned about it. Don't know where to start. What tests are needed? Thank you.
...more Surgical treatment is strictly indicated in your case given the long history of the mass in the ovary and its rapid growth in recent times. In our clinic, we perform such an intervention laparoscopically through 3 small punctures. Patients go home next morning after the surgery and may return to work after 3 days.
This surgery must be as delicate to preserve healthy ovarian tissue (considering your reproductive plans) as radical at the same time to remove the mass together with the capsule. At the preoperative stage an expert level ultrasound with Doppler is required, as well as blood tests for Ca-125 and НЕ-4 tumor markers. The decision concerning the necessity of FEGDS and colonoscopy is taken based on the results of these tests.
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Total knee replacement
My mom suffers from gonarthrosis for the past three years. Despite treatment by injections the pain is still present. MRI revealed a meniscal tear in the posterior horn, the presence of small bony osteophytes on the patella, a small amount of fluid in the joint cavity (signs of exudative synovitis were detected)
joint space is asymmetrically narrowed in the medial segment. The pain is ongoing but the knee remains flexible. Tell me, please, whether the surgery is contraindicated for meniscal tear in case of arthrosis? Is it possible to do an arthroscopic surgery on the meniscus in our case or it should be «major» surgery? And what would you advice concerning knee replacement for the patient in the age of 57? What is the life time of the artificial joint?
...more It is necessary to make an X-ray of the knee in direct projection in standing position. If it turns out that there is no medial cartilage in the medial area, then the knee replacement is the only solution. The age of 57 is normal for the prosthetics. Modern artificial knee joint (when properly placed of course) will
serve for a lifetime. You can make an appointment via phone +7 (495) 933-66-44.
...more 
Kardanov Andrey
07 September 2016
Pain
I am 19 years old, professionally engaged in weightlifting. I did an arthroscopy of both knee joint a year ago, now feel pain in them and it prevents me from training at full capacity. I visited a traumatologist, and «osteoarthritis of 1 degree» was diagnosed. Could you advise me some medicines or anything else to
relief the pain? Thank you very much for the answer!
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First of all you should undergo an MRI and find out what was done at arthroscopy; if it’s really an arthrosis of 1 degree, hyaluronic acid injections are possible and physiotherapy is not required. Anyway, you are always welcome to consultation for thorough examination.
Question to Dr. Yakobashvili
Tell me, please, at which age child's hearing should be checked-up if we were informed at the hospital before discharge that one ear does not hear. At the moment the child’s age is 1.5 months. Thank you.
These tests done in the hospital are often false negative. Hearing can be tested now, it is necessary to make an appointment to the audiologist.
Cought
A child of 11 years old, suffers from cough for more than six months. The cough is dry, sometimes attack-like, mainly begins during the day, and often occurs before sleep. There is no cough at night. CBC is normal, glucose is 4.16, total IgE 111.80, Toxocara, Ascaride are negative, Cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma are
negative, PPD test is negative as well. A chest x-ray is normal. We have already consulted with a therapist, otolaryngologist, pulmonologist, neurologist, gastroenterologist... the cough is still present. What should we do?
...more First of all, there are no results of whooping cough testing among the results provided above. The disease cannot be ruled out, even if your child was vaccinated. The blood test for antibodies against the whooping cough germ is required (blood test for class M and G antibodies against Bordetella pertussis). Second,
even a slight increase in class E antibodies is a reason to visit an allergist and to perform an evaluation of respiratory function with bronchodilator. This method will detect a latent bronchial spasm in your child. Even if the results of the test will be normal, allergologist mast rule out the allergic nature of the cough even if it's not obstructive syndrome. Third, this cough can be due to gastroesophageal reflux. It is difficult to draw any conclusions having no data of gastroenterologist’s consultation. 24-hour acidity monitoring of the stomach and esophagus is carried out to confirm or exclude the presence of reflux. Fourth, you didn’t mention whether x-ray of nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses was done. Perhaps, after all, the pathology is associated with ENT organs.
...more 
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